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permanente

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For other uses, see Kaiser (disambiguation).

Kaiser is the German title meaning Emperor, derived from the Roman title of Caesar (phonetic in German for caesar: c=k ,a, e=i, s, a=e, r) , as is the Slavic title of Tsar. It is a sovereign Monarchic title of the highest rank, explicitly at par with padishah.

The Roman imperial style was first revived in the Frankish realm, the hegemon of the Catholic West, thus claiming equality with the Byzantine Empire and the Muslim Caliphate, by Charlemagne in 800, and when his empire was divided again through inheritances it came to be linked to the eastern ('German') kingdom. The Holy Roman Emperors (962 - 1806) (the "First German Reich", becoming an elective monarchy) called themselves Kaiser, while combining this imperial title with that of Roman King (assumed by the designated heir before the imperial coronation); they saw their rule as a continuation of that of the Roman Emperors and so used the name "Caesar" to reflect their supposed heritage.

The rulers of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1806 - 1918), from the Habsburg dynasty that had provided all Holy Roman Emperors (though formally still elected) since 1440, again used the title Kaiser.

In English and most other foreign usage, however, the untranslated title is mainly associated with the emperors of the unified German Empire (1871 - 1918) (the "Second Reich") which chancellor Bismarck had welded skilfully from two federations covering most of the many principalities (mainly petty, known as Kleinstaaterei) that had constituted Germany, the core of the former Holy Roman Empire. The term is particularly associated in English with the last Kaiser, Wilhelm II.

There were three Kaisers of the German Empire. All belonged to the Hohenzollern dynasty, which had ruled as kings in Prussia, militarily the only great power among the German principalities, before ascending the brand new 'German' imperial throne. The three Kaisers were:

Wilhelm I (1871 - 1888)
Friedrich III (1888), ruled for 99 days
Wilhelm II (1888 - 1918), during whose reign the monarchy in Germany ended after World War I - the Weimar republic would be even shorter-lived, and the Nazis subsequently did deliberately revive some imperial symbols and terminology, even some Roman, in their authoritarian one-party republic they called the "Third Reich [Empire]"

In German, the word is also used in a generic sense equivalent to the English emperor. For instance, German-speaking historians would refer to an emperor of China as a Chinesischer Kaiser. Cognate, nearly homophone titles, are used in the same ways in Germanic languages or those (mainly Baltic and Slavonic) who derived the term from German:

Kejser in Danish
Keizer in Dutch
Keiser in Estonian
Keisari in Finnish
Keisari in Icelandic
Keser in Lëtzebuergesch (in Luxembourg)

etc.

In contrast, most Romance and tributary vocabularies, including English, derive their terms for emperor from the Latin imperator.

searchspell:

permanente

corrected for kaiser permanente

See also